3A GRAMMAR
Present Perfect Simple
We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions.
Unfinished Actions
1: We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say ‘how long’ and we need ‘since’ or ‘for’. We often use stative verbs.
Unfinished Actions
1: We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say ‘how long’ and we need ‘since’ or ‘for’. We often use stative verbs.
I’ve known Karen since 1994.
She’s lived in London for three years.
I’ve worked here for six months.
‘Since’ and ‘For’
We use ‘since’ with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived).
We use ‘since’ with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time can be another action, which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived).
I’ve known Sam since 1992.
I’ve liked chocolate since I was a child.
She’s been here since 2pm.
We use ‘for’ with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months).
I’ve known Julie for ten years.
I’ve been hungry for hours.
She’s had a cold for a week.
Finished Actions
2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a person’s life. We don’t say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive now. We often use the words ‘ever’ and ‘never’ here.
2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a person’s life. We don’t say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive now. We often use the words ‘ever’ and ‘never’ here.
I have been to Tokyo.
They have visited Paris three times.
We have never seen that film.
3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is still continuing.
I haven’t seen her this month.
She’s drunk three cups of coffee today.
I’ve already moved house twice this year!
We CAN’T use the present perfect with a finished time word.
4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the present perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is still true or important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in US English.
4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the present perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is still true or important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in US English.
I’ve lost my keys (so I can’t get into my house).
She’s hurt her leg (so she can’t play tennis today).
They’ve missed the bus (so they will be late).
5: We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that happened recently, even if there isn’t a clear result in the present. This is common when we want to introduce news and we often use the words ‘just / yet / already / recently’. However, the past simple is also correct in these cases, especially in US English.
The Queen has given a speech.
I’ve just seen Lucy.
The Mayor has announced a new plan for the railways.
Been and Gone
In this tense, we use both ‘been’ and ‘gone’ as the past participle of ‘go’, but in slightly different circumstances. We use ‘been’ (often when we talk about life experience) to mean that the person we’re talking about visited the place and came back.
In this tense, we use both ‘been’ and ‘gone’ as the past participle of ‘go’, but in slightly different circumstances. We use ‘been’ (often when we talk about life experience) to mean that the person we’re talking about visited the place and came back.
I’ve been to Paris (in my life, but now I’m in London, where I live).
She has been to school today (but now she’s back at home).
They have never been to California.
We use ‘gone’ (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person went to the place and is at the place now.
Where’s John? He’s gone to the shops (he’s at the shops now).
Julie has gone to Mexico (now she’s in Mexico).
They’ve gone to Japan for three weeks (now they’re in Japan).
5A READING
BINGE-WATCHING
-the activity of watching TV for an extended period of time, e.g. several episodes of a series
Origin and usage
The word ‘binge’ first appeared in English in the mid-1800s to mean ‘to soak’. Around the time of World War I, the term ‘binge’ was used to refer to eating or drinking in excess. The term binge-watching can be traced back as far as 2003, but it didn’t come into common usage until around 2012.
Examples
Binge-watching refers to the now common practice of watching many episodes of a television show in a single sitting. The term has gained popularity in recent years with the rise of streaming entertainment services that tend to release entire TV series or seasons, usually without advertising interruptions.
As millions of people all over the world embrace the convenience of digital streaming and the instant gratification of binge-watching their favourite television series, researchers are beginning to look closely at how this new way of watching TV may impact overall health.
According to some scientists, people love binge-watching because it releases a natural chemical in the brain that makes them feel good. This chemical, called dopamine, is responsible for the feelings of happiness that come from doing something pleasant, like exercising or eating good food.
Watching hours upon hours of a beloved television show can also release dopamine, especially when those episodes can be viewed without interruption.
While many experts agree there’s nothing drastically wrong with binge-watching, they warn that binge-watching should be done in moderation to avoid any potentially negative side effects. Taking occasional breaks for physical activity and socializing are usually recommended.
Quotations
“My maternal grandmother would sit, before binge-watching existed, and watch Poirot until the cows came home. You couldn’t pull her away from it.”
(Billy Howle)
Origin and usage
The word ‘binge’ first appeared in English in the mid-1800s to mean ‘to soak’. Around the time of World War I, the term ‘binge’ was used to refer to eating or drinking in excess. The term binge-watching can be traced back as far as 2003, but it didn’t come into common usage until around 2012.
Examples
Binge-watching refers to the now common practice of watching many episodes of a television show in a single sitting. The term has gained popularity in recent years with the rise of streaming entertainment services that tend to release entire TV series or seasons, usually without advertising interruptions.
As millions of people all over the world embrace the convenience of digital streaming and the instant gratification of binge-watching their favourite television series, researchers are beginning to look closely at how this new way of watching TV may impact overall health.
According to some scientists, people love binge-watching because it releases a natural chemical in the brain that makes them feel good. This chemical, called dopamine, is responsible for the feelings of happiness that come from doing something pleasant, like exercising or eating good food.
Watching hours upon hours of a beloved television show can also release dopamine, especially when those episodes can be viewed without interruption.
While many experts agree there’s nothing drastically wrong with binge-watching, they warn that binge-watching should be done in moderation to avoid any potentially negative side effects. Taking occasional breaks for physical activity and socializing are usually recommended.
Quotations
“My maternal grandmother would sit, before binge-watching existed, and watch Poirot until the cows came home. You couldn’t pull her away from it.”
(Billy Howle)
5A Test 1
INSERT THE CORRECT VERB:
Dear Mr Harrison,
I am writing to complain about the work that you carried (carry out) at our offices at 106 Delia Street from 1 - 5 December last year.
You will recall that your workmen were supposed to repair the sealing around the windows in the second floor conference room. This work appeared (appear) to be satisfactory at first. However, the cealing has now deteriorated (now / deteriorate) and for the past month water has come (come) in every time it rains.(rain)
I have called(call) your office a number of times over the past week only to get a recorded message each time. Although I have left (leave) my number and a message each time I still haven’t received (not / receive) a reply.
I would be grateful if you would call me on 2901 4304 as soon as possible to arrange a time for the work to be redone.
Yours faithfully,
C M Jenkins
I am writing to complain about the work that you carried (carry out) at our offices at 106 Delia Street from 1 - 5 December last year.
You will recall that your workmen were supposed to repair the sealing around the windows in the second floor conference room. This work appeared (appear) to be satisfactory at first. However, the cealing has now deteriorated (now / deteriorate) and for the past month water has come (come) in every time it rains.(rain)
I have called(call) your office a number of times over the past week only to get a recorded message each time. Although I have left (leave) my number and a message each time I still haven’t received (not / receive) a reply.
I would be grateful if you would call me on 2901 4304 as soon as possible to arrange a time for the work to be redone.
Yours faithfully,
C M Jenkins
5A Test 2
INSERT THE CORRECT VERB:
Things have changed (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first started (start) working here three years ago, the company had only (have, only) six employees. Since then, we have expanded (expand) to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
Listen Donna, I don't care if you have missed(miss) the bus this morning. You have been(be) late to work too many times. You are fired!
Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he has never seen(see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
In the last hundred years, traveling have become(become) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it took(take) two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip was(be) very rough and often dangerous. Things have changed (change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
Jonny, I can't believe how much you have changed(change) since the last time I saw(see) you. You have grown (grow) at least a foot!
This mountain has never been(be, never) climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers have tried(try) to reach the top, but nobody has ever succeeded (succeed, ever) . The climb is extremely difficult and many people have died(die) trying to reach the summit.
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