2B GRAMMAR
Possessives
The general rule is that the possessive of a singular noun is formed by adding an apostrophe and s, whether the singular noun ends in s or not.
Examples:
the lawyer’s fee
the child’s toy
the girl’s parents
Xerox’s sales manager
Tom Jones’s first album
Jesus’s disciples
Aeschylus’s finest drama
JFK’s finest speech
anyone’s guess
a week’s vacation
The possessive of a plural noun is formed by adding only an apostrophe when the noun ends in s, and by adding both an apostrophe and s when it ends in a letter other than s.
Examples:
excessive lawyers’ fees
children’s toys
the twins’ parents
the student teachers’ supervisor
the Smiths’ vacation house
the Joneses’ vacation house
the boys’ baseball team
the alumni’s fundraising
three weeks’ vacation
someone with twelve years’ experience
Exceptions to the general rule
Use only an apostrophe for singular nouns that are in the form of a plural⁠—or have a final word in the form of a plural⁠—ending with an s.
Examples:
Beverly Hills’ current mayor
the United States’ lingering debt problem
Cisco Systems’ CEO
the Beatles’ first album
Nouns that end in an s sound take only an apostrophe when they are followed by sake.
Examples:
for goodness’ sake
for conscience’ sake
A proper noun that is already in possessive form is left as is.
Examples:
T.G.I. Friday’s menu was recently changed.
Shared or individual possessives
Joint possession is indicated by a single apostrophe.
Examples:
This course will use Robert Smith and Rebecca Green’s psychology textbook.
Explanation: They coauthored the book.
We were at Stanley and Scarlett’s house
Explanation: They share the house.
Individual possession is indicated by apostrophes for each possessor.
Examples:
France’s and Italy’s domestic policies are divergingChris’s and John’s houses were designed by the same architect.
Possessive pronouns and adjectives
A possessive pronoun is a pronoun which is used to show ownership, while a possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership. Below is a table of all the possessive pronouns and adjectives in English.
Possessive pronouns and adjectives: use
A possessive adjective comes before a noun in a sentence, while a possessive pronoun stands alone, and can be used in place of a noun, such as in the sentence: ‘This is mine’.

Here are some examples which show where possessive pronouns and adjectives can be used in a sentence:
Examples:
This is my horse, Fred.
(The possessive adjective ‘my’ comes before the noun.)
This horse, Fred, is mine.
 (The possessive pronoun, ‘mine’, does not come directly before or after the noun.)
That is his book.
(The possessive adjective ‘his’ comes before the noun.)
That book is his.
(The possessive pronoun ‘his’ does not come directly before or after the noun.)
Examples of possessive pronouns in a sentence:
Examples:
The cat that was stuck up the tree was ours.
(The cat up the tree belongs to us.)
This pencil is not mine.
(This pencil does not belong to me.)
I think this book is yours.
(I think this book belongs to you.)
The coffee on the table was hers.
(The coffee on the table belongs to her.)
Examples of possessive adjectives in a sentence:
I missed my bus.
She forgot to bring her pen to school.
They didn’t eat their dinner.
The cat tried to chase its tail.
Possessives: questions
The word ‘whose’ can be used when a question is being asked about ownership. We use ‘whose’ to find out which person an item or thing belongs to. Questions using ‘whose’ can be formed in one of two ways:
— *Whose* coffee is this? OR *Whose* is this coffee? («Who does this coffee belong to?»)

Here are some further examples of possessive questions:
Examples:
Whose coat is this?
(Who does this coat belong to?)
Whose shoes are these?
(Who do these shoes belong to?)
Whose dog is barking in the garden?
 (Who does this dog belong to?)
Possessives: reciprocal pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns express a mutual action or relationship. In English, there are two reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another. We use the possessive form of these reciprocal pronouns when we talk about ownership:
— Each other’s, which is used to describe the relationship between two people.
— One another’s, which is used to describe a relationship between more than two people.

Here are some examples of these reciprocal pronouns in use:
Examples:
Sarah and Jane share each other’s clothes.
The dogs are always stealing each other’s blankets.
The kittens were always eating one another’s food.
The children enjoyed sleeping over at one another’s homes.
2B VOCABULARY
SHOPPING AND SERVICE VOCABULARY
  • Bargain hunting
Spend time in the shops looking for items to buy at the lowest price.
«During the sales I go bargain hunting with my friends!»
  • Do the shopping 
Go shopping regularly to buy food and other necessities.
«Jack and I generally do the shopping together on Saturday mornings.»
  • Go shopping
Go to the shops to buy things.
«She’s gone shopping — I’ve no idea when she’ll be back!»
  • Fitting room
A place to try on clothes to see if they fit or suit you.
«I need your opinion. Will you come with me to the fitting room
  • I can’t afford it
Not have enough money to buy something.
«I’d love that jacket but I can’t afford it
  • In stock/out of stock
Be available or unavailable in a shop or store.
«I’m very sorry. I’m afraid the coulour you want is out of stock.»
  • It costs a fortune!
Be very expensive.
«Look at the price of that bag — it costs a fortune!»
  • It costs an arm and a leg!
Cost a lot of money; be very expensive.
«The diamond engagement ring cost an arm and a leg
  • It’s a steal!
So cheap that it’s almost as if you haven’t paid anything for it.
«At that price it’s a steal. You won’t find one cheaper in any other shop.»
  • It’s good value for money.
Worth the money spent on it.
«The quality is excellent so it’s good value for money
  • Price tag
A label showing the price of an article.
«Before I try it on I must find the price tag — just to be safe!»
  • Receipt
A piece of paper given in a shop as proof that you have paid for an article. (US: sales slip)
«If you keep the receipt you’ll be able to exchange the article.»
  • Refund
Money paid back to a customer who is not satisfied with an article purchased.
«You must produce the receipt if you want to get a refund.«
  • Summer or Winter sales
A period in the year when articles are sold at a reduced price.
«The kids need new winter coats but I’ll try and wait until the sales to buy them.»
  • Shop around
Visit a number of shops selling similar articles in order to compare the prices.
«The Internet makes it easier nowadays to shop around before buying anything.»
  • Shop assistant
A person who serves customers in a shop.
«The shop assistant was extremely patient while my mother tried on several pairs of shoes.»
  • Shop till you drop
Go shopping for a very long time, until you are exhausted.
«If you go to London with Ashley, you’ll shop till you drop, so take comfortable shoes!»
  • Shopaholic
Love shopping so much that it is like an addiction
«Sophie’s favourite pastime is shopping — she’s a complete shopaholic
  • Shopping spree
Enjoy a lively outing, usually with much spending of money.
«Liza is planning to go on a shopping spree as soon as she gets her bonus.»
  • Shopping therapy
The idea that buying things can make you feel better.
«A little shopping therapy can usually cheer up bored teenagers.»
  • Spend money
Use money to purchase an article or service
«We spent a lot of money on excursions during our trip.»
  • Splash out on something
Buy something even though it costs a lot of money
«When he got a promotion Andy splashed out on a brand new car.»
  • Take something back.
Return something that you have bought
«The hair dryer didn’t work properly so she took it back to the shop.»
  • That’s a bargain!
Said when an article is well below the usual price.
«That handbag goes beautifully with the dress, and at that price it’s a bargain
  • That’s a bit pricey!
It’s a bit expensive.
«Their clothes are a bit pricey but they have a wonderful selection.»
  • That’s dirt cheap!
It costs very little
«80% off! That’s incrediible — it’s dirt cheap at that price!»
  • That’s a rip-off!
Is much more expensive that it should be
«$10 for an orange juice?  That’s a rip-off
  • Window shopping
Look at things in shop windows, without actually purchasing anything.
«I haven’t been paid yet, so I can only go window shopping»
SOME MORE EXPRESSIONS
Advertising campaign
: a series of advertisements to persuade people to buy something
Big brand names
: large well-known companies or product names
To be careful with money
: to not over-spend
Carrier bag
: bags (usually plastic) supplied by shops
Customer service
: the degree to which customers are treated well
To get into debt
: to owe money
To give someone the hard sell
: to put pressure on someone to buy something
High street names
: well-known shops
Independent stores
: small shops independent of large companies
Local shops
: community shops
Loyalty card
: a card issued by a shop to allow customers to save money on the basis of what they spend
Must-have product
: a product that is very popular that a lot of people want to have
To be on a tight budget
: to have a limited amount of money to spend
To be on commission
: a series of advertisements to persuade people to buy something
To pay in cash
: to pay for something using coins or paper money
To pay the full price
: to pay the full amount for something
To pick up a bargain
: to buy something much cheaper than the normal price
To run up a credit card bill
: to owe money on a credit card
To shop around
: to try different shops to find the best deal
Shop assistant
: the person who serves customers
To shop until you drop
: to do a lot of shopping
To slash prices
  • : to reduce prices a great deal
To snap up a bargain
: to buy something quickly that is being sold cheaply
Summer sales
: a period in the year when things are sold cheaply
2B READING
What Is Shopping Addiction?
“Compulsive buying disorder” is the proposed diagnosis for shopping addiction. It’s a worldwide problem, and approximately 5.8% of the U.S. population will experience some type of compulsive buying disorder during their lives.1
Many people who suffer from shopping addiction also experience a co-occurring mental health condition, such as anxiety or depression. Some people engage in addictive shopping to boost their self-esteem. While the term “shopaholic” is often used in jest, it is a serious condition as people who shop compulsively generally spend well beyond their means. Shopping addiction is a process addiction. Process addictions are addictions to things other than physically addictive drugs or alcohol.
The Cycle of Shopping Addiction
People who struggle with compulsive shopping may experience ups and downs in their addiction. The urge to shop is usually strongest during moments of depression, sadness, or anger. Shopping addiction has also been associated with holidays that reinforce compulsive shopping, i.e. holiday shopping in December.
People who struggle with a shopping problem initially feel a “high” or “rush” from the act of shopping. However, any positive feelings they get from gratifying their compulsion are fleeting.
Many people feel deep regret, shame, or embarrassment in the aftermath of a shopping spree, which ultimately leads to more feelings of distress and more shopping.
Some people contain their shopping problem to online shopping. Sprees on sites like Amazon.com can also play into problem shopping patterns, and are often just as devastating as in-person shopping. The ability to quietly and quickly buy more through online merchants can lead to shopping sprees in the middle of the night, during work breaks, or from the comfort of the living room sofa. These sprees are often extremely financially devastating and can be hard to control.
Compulsive shopping often follows a distinct pattern:
Anticipation. This includes ruminating on possible shopping trips or items

Preparation for shopping. This may include making lists, compulsively looking online, researching items, or talking about shopping.

Shopping. The act of shopping can take place in person or online. This includes adding items to online shopping carts or physically picking items up in the store.

Spending. Spending is the final act when a financial transaction is made and the items are given to the shopper.
Signs of Shopping Addiction
People who shop compulsively experience shopping differently from people who do not have this problem.

Here are some signs to watch out for:
  • The act of shopping causes feelings of euphoria, or a “high.”
  • The urge to buy is overwhelming, and must be gratified instantly.
  • Items bought during shopping sprees are often unnecessary.
  • Shopaholics often go shopping with the intention to buy only a few items and end up buying much more than they intended.
  • Purchased items may be hidden from family and friends out of guilt.
  • Shopaholics are often in debt, have maxed out credit cards and are in generally bad financial straits due to spending beyond their means.

If any of these signs apply to you, then you might have a shopping addiction. Acknowledging the problem is the first step toward resolving it. However, breaking free of shopping addiction may require the help of others.
Your compulsion to shop may be a way you cope with issues such emotional problems or may even stem from mental health issues. Help from a supportive team is key. Addictions and compulsions often mask other problems. Qualified help may be necessary to resolve other issues that are clustered with the problem shopping. A full recovery will be difficult without treatment and support.
How to Recover from Shopping Addiction
Fortunately, there are some things you can do to manage your shopping addiction.
  • Destroy all credit cards and delete all digitally-stored credit card numbers. Instead, pay for needed items in cash or debit card. For big-ticket items, you can elect to pay by hand-written check.
  • Tell your loved ones about your problem and ask them to help you in your recovery.
  • Write a shopping list AND stick to it.
  • Avoid things like online stores or TV shopping channels.
  • Ask a loved one to block these sites and channels on your computer, phone, and television, and then secure the password to unlock these items.
  • Whenever you feel the urge to shop, acknowledge it, and then do something constructive such as exercise, or take up a hobby that does not require you to spend.

Consider ways to make it more difficult for you to spend money impulsively, such as making your money harder to access.

Most importantly, seek treatment. Shopping addiction is a serious and complex problem. Once your brain has become accustomed to the high and instant gratification of compulsive shopping, you will need support to make lasting change. Support groups are waiting to help, and licensed mental health counselors can help make change easier with coaching and evidence-based plans.

True shopping addiction requires treatment if you want to make a full recovery. You will also need the help of friends and family to prevent yourself from sliding back into compulsive shopping after treatment or a counseling program.
You may want to consider temporarily placing your finances under the control of a loved one so that person can help regulate your spending. Recognizing you have a problem shows more inner strength and also makes it easier to heal.

Compulsive shopping is about much more than a “bad habit”. Shopping addiction is a legitimate process addiction and it can be very devastating to relationships, finances, and well-being. You may want to begin by making it more difficult to spend, but challenging your own spending is only the beginning. Supportive groups, counseling, and the help and input from an experienced financial advisor are all important steps to get you back on track.
Treatment for Shopping Addiction
Like other forms of addiction, compulsive shopping disorder is a disease. Further, people with shopping addiction may suffer from mental health concerns or other forms of addiction, such as alcohol use or compulsive gambling.

Uncovering the root of the problem will help lower the risk that it will return later in life. Counseling and a supportive group of people who have been there themselves and truly understand can make all the difference in the world.

2B Test 1

Which explanation is correct, 1 or 2?
Stephanie loved her beautiful daughter’s sports car.
  • Stephanie’s daughter was beautiful.
  • The car belonging to Stephanie’s daughter was beautiful.
There’s a new doctor’s surgery on the corner of Greenford Street.
  • The doctor has recently qualified.
  • The surgery has recently opened.
She inherited a wonderful wooden doll’s house.
  • The doll is made of wood.
  • The house is made of wood.
The company manufactures low-cost nurses’ uniforms
  • The nurses earn low wages
  • The uniforms aren’t expensive.
Gary didn’t think much of his new boss’s management techniques.
  • Gary has a new boss
  • Gary’s boss has some new management techniques.
Bill and Suzy found hiring a well-educated children’s nanny was worth every penny.
  • Their nanny was well-educated
  • Their children were well-educated
I managed to find a place in the 24-hour supermarket’s parking lot
  • The supermarket is open 24 hours
  • The parking lot is open 24 hours.
Dave was often embarrassed by his aggressive flatmate’s comments.
  • Dave’s flatmate was aggressive
  • His flatmate’s comments were aggressive.
My uncle is restoring a redundant tax inspector’s office in Newcastle.
  • Some tax inspectors have been made redundant in Newcastle
  • The office in Newcastle is no longer required by the tax inspectors.
Who’s going to look after our sick neighbor’s puppy?
  • Our neighbor is sick
  • Our neighbor’s puppy is sick
Тест
2B Test 1
Which explanation is correct, 1 or 2?
Start
Stephanie loved her beautiful daughter’s sports car.
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
There’s a new doctor’s surgery on the corner of Greenford Street.
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
She inherited a wonderful wooden doll’s house.
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
The company manufactures low-cost nurses’ uniforms
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
Gary didn’t think much of his new boss’s management techniques.
Right!
Nope!
Next
Check
Show results
Bill and Suzy found hiring a well-educated children’s nanny was worth every penny.
Right!
Nope!
Next
Check
Show results
I managed to find a place in the 24-hour supermarket’s parking lot
Right!
Nope!
Next
Check
Show results
Dave was often embarrassed by his aggressive flatmate’s comments.
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
My uncle is restoring a redundant tax inspector’s office in Newcastle.
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
Who’s going to look after our sick neighbor’s puppy?
Nope!
Right!
Next
Check
Show results
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